7. Glossary

alias

Pseudonym, substitute name. Aliases allow multiple names to be given to the same entity. It is a concept frequently used in computer science. For example, we speak of an alias when we point several email addresses to the same inbox, or when we define a new name for a command. — Wiktionary

API

(Application Programming Interface) Interface destinée à être utilisée non pas par un être humain mais par un logiciel. Elle est en général composée d’un ensemble de fonctions qu’un logiciel peut utiliser à distance. — Wikipedia

CLI

(Command Line Interface) Interface en ligne de commande, basée sur un affichage textuel. Elle s’utilise par l’intermédiaire d’une fenêtre de terminal. La CLI est très intéressante car elle peut aussi bien être utilisée par des humain·e·s que par des logiciels. — Wikipedia

client

Piece of software that accesses a service made available by a server. It usually has a graphical interface, intended to be used directly by a human. — Wikipedia

computer network

Set of computers linked together in order for them to exchange data. — Wikipedia

Debian

Système d’exploitation communautaire basé sur Linux, composé presque exclusivement de logiciels libres et respectant la norme POSIX. — Wikipedia, Site Web

See also

The journal article: Migration de Ubuntu à Debian (Phase 1) (in French)

domain name

Internet domain identifier, easy for a human to read and remember.

For example: club1.fr, impots.gouv.fr, and fr are domain names.

In the DNS, a domain allows to associate information with a name. Among this information, the most important is the IP address of the computer associated with this domain. A domain name is therefore often used as an alias for an IP address.

In addition to this information, a domain can also have subdomains. — Wikipedia

dynamic website

Web site whose display may vary “from itself”, hence the name “dynamic” (distinguishing it from a static website). It contains code that will be “executed” to generate HTML. — Wikipedia

free software

Refers to software that respects the freedom of users. In particular, users have the freedom to run, copy, study, modify and improve these software, and especially to reshare, modified or not. — Wikipedia

GitHub

Service Web d’hébergement et de gestion de développement de logiciels, utilisant le logiciel de gestion de versions Git.

Warning

Contrairement à la plupart des projets que l’on peut y trouver, GitHub n’est ni libre, ni open source et appartient à Microsoft.

— Wikipedia

group

In a POSIX system, groups are used to gather users in order to assign them common rights. A user belongs to one or more groups.

Tip

It is possible to find out who is a member of a group on the server from an SSH access with the following command:

members GROUP

By replacing GROUP with the desired group. Example: members sudo or members home.

— Wikipedia

hidden file

hidden folder

In most operating systems, it is possible to hide files or folders. This is often used to hide parameters that are not very useful in everyday life. In a POSIX system, hidden files begin with a dot ..

In file explorers they may be hidden by default. It is possible to activate their display if necessary, often with the keyboard shortcut Ctrl + H. — Wikipedia

HTML

(Hypertext Markup Language) Markup language designed to represent Web pages. — Wikipedia, MDN web docs

instance

Copy of software or a computer object having its own existence and state.

For example, we speak of an instance each time a software is executed with different data. On the CLUB1 server, there are notably several instances of PHP: at least one for each member. — Wiktionary

Internet

Publicly accessible global computer network. The Internet is actually the interconnection of a set of networks around the world. As the name suggests, “inter” “net” = “between networks”. It is therefore a “network of networks”. — Wikipedia

IP address

Identification number of a computer connected to a computer network.

The IP protocol (originally created for Internet) is used to transport data between a source computer and its destination. For this, it needs IP addresses in order to identify these two computers.

Actuellement, deux versions d’adresses IP sont utilisées : La version 4 qui s’écrit sous la forme de nombres séparés par des points (ex : 87.91.4.64 pour le serveur de CLUB1). Et la version 6 qui utilise des nombres beaucoup plus grands et qui s’écrit en hexadécimal (ex : 2001:861:38c4:18a0::3 pour le serveur de CLUB1). — Wikipedia

Linux

Free POSIX operating system kernel. The kernel is the core of the system, it is the interface between user software and hardware.

By extention, Linux often refers to any operating system based on this kernel. — Wikipedia

log

Originally refers to the logbook of a ship. In computing it is a journal containing a history of events, usually in the form of a plain text file. — Wikipedia

Markdown

Lightweight markup language for creating formatted text. Documents written in Markdown are usually intended to be converted to HTML, in order to make it a Web page. Its main advantage over HTML is its sleek syntax, which makes it more pleasant to read and write for a human. — Wikipedia

permissions

Dans un système POSIX, il est possible d’attribuer des permissions aux fichiers et aux dossiers. Elles permettent d’accorder ou non des droits à des utilisateurs ou a des groupes sur ces fichiers et dossiers.

Il existe 3 droits principaux, read (r), write (w) et execute (x).

Table 7.1 Récapitulatif des permisions

Droit	Sur un fichier	Sur un dossier
r	Lire le contenu du fichier	Lister le contenu du dossier
w	Modifier le contenu du fichier	Ajouter/supprimer des fichiers dans ce dossier
x	Exécuter ce fichier	Traverser ce dossier

Lesquels peuvent être accordés soit à l’utilisateur proriétaire du fichier/dossier, soit aux membres du groupe du fichier/dossier, soit aux autres utilisateurs.

Les permissions peuvent être consultées en CLI avec la commande ls -l et modifiées avec chmod. — Wikipedia

PHP

(PHP Hypertext Preprocessor) High-level programming language, primarily used to produce Web pages dynamically by generating HTML code. Its acronym originally stood for “Personal Home Page” and it is precisely the language that CLUB1 puts forward for the creation of dynamic website. — Wikipedia

POSIX

(Portable Operating System Interface) Ensemble de normes techniques qui spécifient une interface, permettant aux systèmes d’exploitation qui la respectent d’être interchangeables, du point de vue d’un logiciel utilisateur.

Linux, macOS and many other systems respect this interface, unlike Windows. — Wikipedia

protocol

In the context of computing, a protocol is a set of rules that govern the exchange of data or the collective behavior of processes or computers in networks. — Wikipedia

registrar

Registraire de nom de domaine. Société ou association gérant la réservation de nom de domaine Internet. — Wikipedia

server

Software that provides a service. It holds the data and responds to requests from a client. Often, servers and clients are installed on different computers. By extension, the computer on which the servers are installed is called a “server” (e.g. the CLUB1 server). — Wikipedia

static website

Web site consisting of HTML files whose content does not change until they have been edited. They can be designed “by hand” or using a “static site generator”. Static sites are an interesting way for those looking to offer more energy-efficient sites. — Wikipedia

terminal

In computing, a terminal was originally a device consisting of a monitor and a keyboard, allowing a human to interact with a remote shared computer. It offered a textual interface, making it possible to enter commands and read the result.

Nowadays, the word “terminal” is often used as a shorthand for a “terminal emulator”. This is a software that recreates the command line interface (CLI) of this hardware. — Wikipedia

TLD

Top level domain name. For example fr, com or org are TLDs. — Wikipedia

TLS

(Transport Layer Security) Protocol used to secure exchanges in a computer network. One of its main features is to encrypt all data exchanged between the client and the server, so that no one else can read its content. — Wikipedia

Web

One of the best known services on Internet. Its full name is “World Wide Web” (also abbreviated “www”). It allows to publish documents and link them together using hypertext links.

A “Web page” usually consists of a document whose content is written in HTML and may include other resources such as images or “style sheets”. The client used to access it is called a “Web browser”. — Wikipedia

Web client

Client accessible via the Web and executed by a Web browser.

wiki

Type of Web application that allows to create a site collaboratively. Page editing is possible from the Web browser. The best known being Wikipedia. The name comes from the Hawaiian language in which “wiki” means “quick”. — Wikipedia